Download Ebook Getting Risk Right: Understanding the Science of Elusive Health Risks
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Getting Risk Right: Understanding the Science of Elusive Health Risks
Download Ebook Getting Risk Right: Understanding the Science of Elusive Health Risks
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Do cell phones cause brain cancer? Does BPA threaten our health? How safe are certain dietary supplements, especially those containing exotic herbs or small amounts of toxic substances? Is the HPV vaccine safe? We depend on science and medicine as never before, yet there is widespread misinformation and confusion, amplified by the media, regarding what influences our health. In Getting Risk Right, Geoffrey C. Kabat shows how science works―and sometimes doesn't―and what separates these two very different outcomes.Kabat seeks to help us distinguish between claims that are supported by solid science and those that are the result of poorly designed or misinterpreted studies. By exploring different examples, he explains why certain risks are worth worrying about, while others are not. He emphasizes the variable quality of research in contested areas of health risks, as well as the professional, political, and methodological factors that can distort the research process. Drawing on recent systematic critiques of biomedical research and on insights from behavioral psychology, Getting Risk Right examines factors both internal and external to the science that can influence what results get attention and how questionable results can be used to support a particular narrative concerning an alleged public health threat. In this book, Kabat provides a much-needed antidote to what has been called "an epidemic of false claims."
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Product details
Hardcover: 272 pages
Publisher: Columbia University Press; 1 edition (November 22, 2016)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 9780231166461
ISBN-13: 978-0231166461
ASIN: 023116646X
Product Dimensions:
6.1 x 1 x 9.1 inches
Shipping Weight: 1.2 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
Average Customer Review:
3.7 out of 5 stars
12 customer reviews
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#260,436 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
In an influential paper published in 2005 Dr. John Ioannidis concluded that most published research findings in the medical literature are false. His conclusion that most published findings are false has not been refuted, but neither has the knowledge of this dismal conclusion appeared to have had a beneficial effect on the way that studies in most areas of public health research are conducted, analyzed, interpreted, and reported, either to the scientific community in published journals or to the public in news reports. Empirical estimates have indicated that there may be as many as 20 false published findings for every true published result, and it has become clear that sorting out true causal relationships in the face of the high background rate of false-positive findings is a daunting task, not only for scientific and regulatory bodies, but even more so for the general public.In “Getting Risk Rightâ€, Geoffrey Kabat explores why it is so difficult for scientists to reach valid conclusions from their investigations, and provides some guidance to readers, both in the scientific community and the lay audience, as to how one can distinguish between a body of scientific evidence that is likely to reflect a true causal relationship and body of evidence that does not support a causal interpretation of a reported association (or correlation).The first three chapters provide an excellent summary of the many pitfalls and biases that can lead even experienced researchers astray in the interpretation and reporting of their studies. Kabat also examines how the complex interaction between the scientific community and society at large (including the media, regulatory bodies, environmental advocacy groups, etc.) complicates the communication of potential health risks to the general public. This is particularly a problem for studies into possible environmental causes of chronic diseases, because of the extremely strong interest in the public regarding factors that might have a direct effect on the health and welfare of individuals.Chapters four through seven present detailed case studies of four actual scientific investigations into the environmental causes of disease, two of which resulted in the establishment of firm causal conclusions and two of which, in spite of several decades of research, have only resulted in confusion and continued controversy over whether a causal association exists. Kabat relates these fascinating case studies in order to draw out important characteristics (both of the scientific studies and the way in which they are reported) that differentiate between a body of strong scientific evidence that demonstrates a causal relationship between an exposure and chronic disease risk and a weak body of evidence that may well keep a controversy alive, but holds little promise that continued research will lead to a resolution of the hypothesized exposure-disease association.“Getting Risk Right†is an excellent book, which should be of interest not only to scientists and science journalists, but also to members of the public who want to increase their ability to make sense out of the frequently confusing, and often contradictory barrage of media reports about potential environmental health hazards. “Getting Risk Right†makes a valuable contribution on a difficult topic, and I highly recommend it to all readers with an interest in environmental health science.
Professor Kabat has rendered thoughtful service by evaluating, at length, four claimed health risks. Writing such a book is time consuming, requiring careful reading of abundant literature about a chosen topic, to discriminate strong claims from unpersuasive ones.One wonderful epidemiological triumph was discovery of a dietary cause of kidney failures and liver cancers especially within the Balkans via unknowing poisoning of bread. The bread was made of wheat grown in fields which also naturally contained some aristolochia, a wild flowering plant also known as European birthwort. This plant harbors a potent carcinogenic acid. As of 2003, Aristolocohia products were commercially available via the Web marketed as a natural herb, in an amount great enough to poison 100 million people. This hints at the dangers that may lurk within other natural dietary supplements that tend to be given scant regulatory scrutiny. The plant has also been used within European, Chinese, and South American medicine for centuries, with kidney damage finally emerging years after dose.A second health triumph explained by Kabat is reducing incidence of cervical cancer after learning the roles of viruses in promoting this kind of cancer. An inspiring triumph of medical detective work that has saved a great number of lives.In contrast, Kabat chooses two health alarm claims for which supporting evidence is uncompelling. Do cell phones cause brain cancer or can ultra low exposures to synthetic molecules disrupt human endocrine systems? When a tiny environmental dose of Bisphenol A (BPA) is compared to a harmful dose of synthetic estrogen DES, the latter dose including potency is massively greater, by an astounding nine orders of magnitude. The famous principle of pharmacology, the dose makes the poison, is decisive. It is absurdly implausible that such a tiny environmental dose is harmful. "The endocrine disruption story" (championed by zoologist Theo Colborn in a 1996 book, Our Stolen Future, endorsed by vice president Gore) is a cautionary tale "of what happens when science is hijacked by people who use the power and the prestige of science to scare the public, work the media, and pressure health agencies to pile on the bandwagon and fund work that stands little chance of advancing our knowledge about the complex processes involved in normal development and disease.""There are real problems and there are false problems, that is, problems that, to the best of our knowledge, are not problems at all. Vaccines, genetically modified crops and foods, and cell phones are not threats to our well being. Rather they are among the greatest advances contributing to human welfare. We need to get better at distinguishing false problems from real problems."Kabat authors a column published by Forbes. He celebrates medically useful epidemiology and temperately debunks implausible claims that circulate avidly in the popular press. "It is now widely recognized that much of what is published is either wrong or exaggerated and there there is an epidemic of false claims that gain wide circulation and are not easily dispelled."Society is well served by scientists who can honestly discriminate the quality and uncertainties within health alarms. We can only hope many budding epidemiologists will find Kabat's work inspirational and contribute equivalent work of their own.
If you're interested in the study of public health issues and the many competing forces that infuse it, the first half of the book is a good summary. The second half, while interesting, focuses primarily on the study of viral STDs to contrast the scientific and popular milieu in which it occurred vs the chemical-scare-of-the-month circus. The problem is that the latter lesson could have been condensed to a half-dozen pages. Moreover, the whole book could use the help of an able editor. Still, the first half is worth reading.
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